Myanamr Health Research Registration 2024; 36(1-3): 45-52.
DOI:
Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Rural and Urban Communities in Kyaukpadaung Township
Kyae Mhon Htwe, Myo Myo Aye, Kyaw Kyaw Khaing, Thiri Tun, Phyo Wai Aung & Win Maw Tun
Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal 2024, 36(1-3):45-52
ABSTRACTNon-communicable diseases (NCD) are leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally, including Myanmar. A greater understanding of NCD determinants including urban-rural differences is essential in the NCD prevention mechanism to prioritize actions and to tailor strategies according to available resources. Thus, this study aimed to assess cardiovascular risk factors among rural and urban communities in Kyaukpadaung Township in Central Myanmar. This community-based cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 600 participants (25-64 year of the age), including 180 participants from three wards and 420 participants from seven villages in Kyaukpadaung Township. This study was based on the WHO STEPwise approach. WHO STEP 1- behavioral assessment and STEP 2- blood pressure and anthro-pometric measurement were performed in all participants but STEP 3- measurement of blood parameters were done in subsample of 300 participants (90 from urban and 210 from rural areas). Due to missing data of some blood parameters, biochemical parameters andFramingham risk score (2008) were analyzed among 289 samples.
RESULT
INTRODUCTION
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the primary cause of morbidity and mortality both globally and in the South-East Asia Region. The World Health Organi-zation (WHO) estimated that 17.9 million people died from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in 2016, approximately 31% of all
deaths globally. Over 75% of deaths from CVDs occurred in low and middle income countries.1 Contributing factors to CVDs are multifactorial, including metabolic dysregulation with increase in atherogenic risk factors, such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension.
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
This community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 600 participants
with the age ranging from 25-64 years, both genders and all ethnic groups were included. Those with hearing problems, speech problem, mental or physical illness, and pregnant women were excluded from the study. Through multistage sampling, firstly, Mandalay Region was randomly selected. To be feasible, one Township was chosen randomly among 28 Townships in Mandalay Region. From Kyaukpadaung Township, three urban regions (wards) and seven rural regions (villages) were randomly selected by lottery method because in Myanmar, the propotion of
rural people was 70% according to Myanmar census 2014 data.14 Selected three wards were Lutlattyae, Pyi Taw Thar, and Aung Mingalar. Selected seven villages were Intaw, Laiyar, Yaehtwat, Lattpan pin, Taungzin, Kyasource, Taung Chae.
DISCUSSION
Differences in the prevalence of cardio- vascular diseases risk factors including behavioural and metabolic risk factors have been reported between rural and urban settings in many studies.6 Current tobacco smoking (14.2%) and current alcohol drinking (10.5%) found in this study was lower than the result found in 2014 WHO STEPS survey in Myanmar (26.1%, 19.8%) and that done in Yangon region in 2016 study (30.2%, 16.9%).5, 18 The behavioral risk factors (smoking, alcohol drinking, smokeless tobacco) were not significantly different among urban and rural populations while physical activities were significantly higher among rural communities. It indicated that physical activities should
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Authors would like to express our heartfelt thanks to Township Medical Officer
Dr. Soe Soe Naing, and staff of the Public
Health Department of Kyaukpadaung Township, Dr. Win Thura, Dr. Naing Lin Aung and Daw Thandar Myint Thaw, the local
authorities of studied wards and villages, and all participants.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no competing interests.
1. World Health Organization. Cardiovascular Diseases, Fact Sheet [Internet]. 2016[updated 2021 June 11; cited 2020 Aug 15]. Available from: https://www.who.int /en/news-room/fact-sheets/ detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds) 2. Poirier P, Cornier MA, Mazzone T, Stiles S, Cummings S, Klein S, et al.. Bariatric surgery and cardiovascular risk factors: A scientific statement from the American Heart Asso-ciation. Circulation 2011; 123(15):1683-1701. 3. Ko Ko Zaw, Nwe Nwe & Su Su Hlaing. Prevalence of cardiovascular morbidities in Myanmar. BMC Research Notes 2017; 10(1): 99.